New data published today has revealed a dramatic and accelerating human rights crisis at the mines supplying the global transition to clean energy. In 2025, a staggering 73% year-on-year increase was recorded with 329 allegations of abuse linked to transition mineral mining operations worldwide, up from 156 the previous year.

In the only research of its kind, findings from the 2026 Transition Minerals Tracker, published by the Business and Human Rights Centre, revealed direct implications for renewable energy companies relying on these minerals and their investors:

• Nearly 70% of mines associated with at least one allegation of abuse are owned by or linked to listed companies, representing significant material risk for investors.
• In 2025 alone, community resistance resulted in 27 mine suspensions, slowdowns or closures.
• One in seven allegations (44 out of 329) led to lawsuits or regulatory action.
• Since 2010, a total of 1,226 allegations of abuse have been recorded – closely linked to rising social conflict around mining operations.

Despite these risks, corporate accountability remains dangerously weak. Just 10 companies and 33 mines (out of 299 tracked) were associated with 50% of all 2025 allegations.  Glencore, Rio Tinto and First Quantum Minerals led the list of most frequently implicated companies – in part due to their market dominance. Yet concentration among a small number of actors does not diminish the systemic nature of the risk: close to half of mines linked to allegations of abuse lacked even a basic public human rights policy – and the absence of meaningful human rights due diligence is a concern for the entire renewable energy value chain.

Systemic risk across geographies and minerals 

The 2026 Tracker data make clear that human rights risks are not confined to a handful of operations or geographies:

• Copper, which accounts for around a quarter of renewable energy mineral demand, is associated with 60% of allegations recorded since 2010.
• The risks for iron ore, bauxite, nickel and rare earth elements are also growing.
• All regions recorded a surge in allegations in 2025. Africa saw the sharpest rise, with 100 allegations recorded – an increase of 122% from 2024.
• South America continued to record a high number of allegations, with 97 in 2025 – nearly double from 2024.
• Workers’ rights and safety are under significant threat, with 92 allegations recorded, including 22 deaths – nearly double the 2024 figure.

Blanca Racionero Gomez, Natural Resources and Just Energy Transition Senior Researcher, Business and Human Rights Centre, said: “This year’s data is the biggest increase we have ever seen year-to-year and makes clear that this is no longer an emerging issue. The world cannot build a clean energy future on the foundation of human rights abuses – and one built in this way will not ultimately succeed. The minerals powering our clean energy future are being extracted at a growing human cost, with allegations of abuse up 73% in a single year – and Indigenous communities, workers, environmental defenders and women paying the heaviest price. A small number of powerful mining companies are responsible for the lion’s share of this harm – and too many are operating without even the most basic human rights policies in place.

“This is a moral failure, and a strategic one: we can see communities are fighting back, mines are being shut down, and supply chains are being disrupted. Every year of inaction risks more harm to those on the frontlines, as well as another year of risk accumulating for investors and companies who have the power, and the responsibility, to do better.

Direct consequences for investors and their renewable energy companies 

There is a human rights crisis unfolding in the supply chains of renewable energy companies – and this is turning into a direct risk for investors. Their portfolios are directly exposed to the reputational, financial and legal consequences, representing material financial and portfolio risk across the value chain.

For renewable energy companies, the picture is equally stark. Social conflict around mining operations is on the rise, with 173 cases recorded, including protests (61), strikes (10) and lawsuits or regulatory action (44). Failing to address these harms is already leading to supply chain disruptions, affecting operational timelines and costs.

Blanca Racionero Gomez said: “Mining companies and their investors cannot treat human rights as a compliance exercise. Respect for human rights, fair negotiations, the FPIC of Indigenous Peoples, and protection for people raising concerns about mining impacts are essential conditions for a successful energy transition. Where these safeguards are absent, conflict follows. Communities resist, projects stall, supply chains become less reliable, and risks for investors and companies grow. A just transition is not only the right approach – it is the only durable one.”

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Notes to editors:

• Business and Human Rights Centre (BHRC) is a global organisation working at the intersection of business and human rights. With partners and allies worldwide, we seek to put human rights at the heart of business to deliver a just economy, climate justice, and end abuse. Find out more about our approach here.
• The Transition Minerals Tracker is updated annually and records allegations of abuse associated with large-scale mining for nine minerals essential for the energy transition: bauxite, cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese, nickel, iron ore and zinc. This year, the Tracker also included rare earth elements, a key mineral in the manufacturing of wind turbine magnets.