Brazil’s Supreme Federal Court (STF) has upheld a provisional framework allowing the Cinta Larga Indigenous peoples to undertake mineral exploration and mining in four Indigenous territories, subject to environmental licensing and free, prior and informed consultation, while giving Congress 24 months to establish permanent legislation on mining in Indigenous Lands. The ruling, however, has been strongly opposed by the Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil (APIB), which maintains that its opposition to mining in Indigenous territories is “firm, longstanding and non-negotiable”, warning that legalising mining could facilitate invasions, mercury contamination, deforestation, social degradation, illegal mining and the expansion of organised crime and drug trafficking.